广西冻雨气候及天气形成的机理分析

利用广西1952-2008年57年每年11月至下一年3月89个市县级台站地面报表资料和NCEP资料,对广西近20年来冻雨的多年空间分布特征和主要影响系统、温度、水汽等特征进行了探讨。结果表明:冻雨发生的周期是6～7年,基本发生在广西23°N以北区域。冻雨分布图上24～25°N有3个高值中心,这3个中心和地形图上3个高值中心基本重合。月平均温度10°N以内区域为冻雨易发区。广西冻雨天气主要有两种类型:阻塞型和两槽一脊型。阻塞型比两槽一脊型一般来说,冻雨维持时间更长。风场结构,上南风、下北风的层结结构加上中低层水汽发展旺盛,是广西冻雨形成的一个条件。在垂直方向,逆温层的存在是冻雨发生的关键。     

A review of gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in atmospheric chemistry modelling

The atmospheric chemical mechanism is an essential component of airshed models used for investigating the chemical behaviors and impacts of species. Since the first tropospheric chemical mechanism was proposed in the 1960s, various mechanisms including Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), Carbon Bond Mechanism (CBM), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) have been developed for different research purposes. This work summarizes the development and applications of these mechanisms, introduces their compositions and lumping methods, and compares the ways the mechanisms treat radicals with box model simulations. CBM can reproduce urban pollution events with relatively low cost compared to SAPRC and RACM, whereas the chemical behaviors of radicals and the photochemical production of ozone are described in detail in RACM. The photolysis rates of some oxygenated compounds are low in SAPRC07, which may result in underestimation of radical levels. As an explicit chemical mechanism, MCM describes the chemical processes of primary pollutants and their oxidation products in detail. MCM can be used to investigate certain chemical processes; however, due to its large size, it is rarely used in regional model simulations. A box model case study showed that the chemical behavior of OH and HO₂ radicals and the production of ozone were well described by all mechanisms. CBM and SAPRC underestimated the radical levels for different chemical treatments, leading to low ozone production values in both cases. MCM and RACM are widely used in box model studies, while CBM and SAPRC are often selected in regional simulations.     

粤港澳大湾区典型化工场地苯系物污染特征及迁移规律

以粤港澳大湾区某典型化工污染场地为例,共采集了247个土壤样品和20个地下水样品,探讨了场地苯系物的污染分布特征,利用GMS分别从水平和垂直方向模拟分析了该场地苯系物在土壤与地下水的污染迁移扩散规律.结果表明,场地土壤样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯超筛选值,其中苯系物超筛选值的土壤样品主要集中在0. 5～4 m深度范围;地下水样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯和邻-二甲苯超标较严重,最大超标倍数分别为140. 00、101. 33、212. 00和103. 40倍,主要分布在浅层地下水.地下水中的苯污染物在水平方向主要以对流/弥散运移方式从西北往东南方向迁移,而在垂向上浮苯主要集中在地下水面处,溶解态苯主要在水动力作用下迁移.模拟验证分析结果表明,MT3D模型能较准确地反映场地苯系物的空间分布和迁移特征,可为粤港澳大湾区化工类污染场地的精准化管控与修复提供科学指导.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液浓缩液高级氧化组合技术研究

以深圳市某生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液纳滤浓缩液为研究对象,采用"混凝沉淀+高级氧化+A/O"组合技术处理浓缩液.结果表明:混凝沉淀对浓缩液COD、总氮的去除效率分别为62％、48％;高级氧化对混凝沉淀出水COD、色度去除效率分别为71％、99％,对总氮无明显去除效果;A/O深度处理工艺对高级氧化出水COD、总氮平均去除效率分别为26％、28％.整体工艺可去除浓缩液92％的COD以及63％的总氮.     

Effective adsorption of quadrivalent cerium by synthesized laurylsulfonate green rust in a central composite design

The layered laurylsulfonate intercalated green rust (lauryl-S GR) was synthesized to evaluate the influence of synthesis parameters and aqueous conditions on the adsorption of Ce^IV. The maximum adsorption capacity of 305.58 mg/g by lauryl-S GR was predictably obtained. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model was appropriate in fitting the whole uptake process in a weak acid environment. Three isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin were all reliable in depicting the isotherm adsorption process. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of lauryl-S GR towards Ce^IV was 315.46 mg/g. Ce species including CeO and Ce₂O₃ besides CeO₂ were matched in the XPS distribution, directly indicating the reduction reaction brought by Fe^II in the GR occurred to hydrated Ce^IV ions during the adsorption. Nano-sized Ce particles attached to the lauryl-S GRs after the adsorption experiments were observed in the morphological characterization. Flocculated materials were formed on the surface of the lauryl-S GR at a pH of 7, which further reduced the active sites and disrupted the continuous uptake of Ce^IV to the lauryl-S GR. This study expands the application of GRs and supplies an ideal iron-based material for the construction of the affiliated recovery pathway to the traditional separation of Ce.     

Synthesis and evaluation of cationic flocculant P(DAC-PAPTAC-AM) for flocculation of coal chemical wastewater

In this study, a high-efficiency cationic flocculant, P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM), was successfully prepared using UV-induced polymerization technology. The monomer Acrylamide (AM): Acryloxyethyl Trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC): methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC) ratio, monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration, urea content, and cationic monomer DAC:MAPTAC ratio, light time, and power of high-pressure mercury lamp were studied. The characteristic groups, characteristic diffraction peaks, and characteristic proton peaks of P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (¹H NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of dosage, pH value, and velocity gradient (G) value on the removal efficiencies of turbidity, COD, ammonia nitrogen, and total phenol by poly aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC), P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM), and PAFC/P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) in the flocculation treatment of coal chemical wastewater were investigated. Results showed that the optimal conditions for the flocculation of coal chemical wastewater using P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) alone are as follows: dosage of 8–12 mg/L, G value of 100–250 s ^? 1, and pH value of 4–8. The optimal dosage of PAFC is 90–150 mg/L with a pH of 2–12. The optimal dosage for PAFC/P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) is as follows: PAFC dosage of 90–150 mg/L, P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) dosage of 8–12 mg/L, and pH range of 2–6. When P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) was used alone, the optimal removal efficiencies of turbidity, COD, ammonia nitrogen, and total phenol were 81.0%, 35.0%, 75.0%, and 80.3%, respectively. PAFC has good tolerance to wastewater pH and good pH buffering. Thus, the flocculation treatment of coal chemical wastewater using the PAFC/P(DAC-MAPTAC-AM) compound also exhibits excellent resistance and buffering capacity.     

Effects of chemical modification on physicochemical properties and adsorption behavior of sludge-based activated carbon

This study aimed to explore the adsorption performance of sludge-based activated carbon (SBC) towards dissolved organic matters (DOMs) removal from sewage, and investigated the modification effect of different types of chemicals on the structure of synthesized SBC. Waste activated sludge (WAS) was used as a carbon source, and HCl, HNO₃, and NaOH were used as different types of chemicals to modify the SBC. With the aid of chemical activation, the modified SBC showed higher adsorption performances on DOMs removal with maximum adsorption of 29.05 mg/g and second-order constant (k) of 0.1367 (L/mol/sec) due to the surface elution of ash and minerals by chemicals. The surface elemental composition of MSBC suggested that the content of C-C and C-O functional groups on the surface of modified sludge-based activated carbon (MSBC) played an important role on the adsorption capacities of MSBC towards DOMs removal in sewage. Additionally, the residual molecular weight of DOMs in sewage was investigated using a 3-dimension fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) and high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC). Results showed that the chemical modification significantly improved the adsorption capacity of MSBC on humic acids (HA) and aromatic proteins (APN), and both of NaOH-MSBC and HCl-MSBC were effective for a wide range of different AMW DOMs removal from sewage, while the HNO₃-MSBC exhibited poorly on AMW organics of 2,617 Da and 409 Da due to the reducing content of macropore. In brief, this study provides reference values for the impact of the chemicals of the activation stage before the SBCs application.     

Responses of alkaline phosphatase activity to wind-driven waves in a large, shallow lake: Implications for phosphorus availability and algal blooms

Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for algal growth, thus, a better understanding of phosphorus availability is essential to mitigate harmful algal blooms in lakes. Wind waves are a ubiquitous characteristic of lake ecosystems. However, its effects on the cycling of organic phosphorus and its usage by phytoplankton remain poorly elucidated in shallow eutrophic lakes. A mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of alkaline phosphatase activity fractions to wind waves in large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu. Results showed that wind-driven waves induced the release of alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus from the sediment, and dramatically enhanced phytoplanktonic alkaline phosphatase activity. However, compared to the calm conditions, bacterial and dissolved alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in wind-wave conditions. Consistently, the gene copies of Microcystis phoX increased but bacterial phoX decreased under wind-wave conditions. The ecological effects of these waves on phosphorus and phytoplankton likely accelerated the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and promoted phytoplankton production in Lake Taihu. This study provides an improved current understanding of phosphorus availability and the phosphorus strategies of plankton in shallow, eutrophic lakes.     

基于双重预防机制的大型石化建设项目现场安全管理研究

基于双重预防机制,结合工作实际,从固有施工风险、不合格的作业风险、运转不畅的管理机制3个方面分析石化建设项目施工作业主要风险来源,根据"风险分级-风险管控-隐患排查-隐患治理与整改"PDCA循环,明确各阶段安全管理重点,强化超前预防和过程跟踪,提出风险分级管控及隐患排查治理具体措施,并分析其应用效果,以提升项目建设期间施工作业现场安全管理水平。     

油田井口加热炉烟尘排放超标原因分析及治理方法

针对井口加热炉燃用套管气出现的烟尘排放超标问题,从燃烧方式及燃料组成方面分析发现,加热炉所采用的扩散式燃烧,火焰面燃料侧缺少氧气,燃料产生热分解生成炭黑颗粒;另外,套管气含有大量的重碳烷烃,其稳定性差、分解温度低,加剧了热分解反应。因此,控制套管气质量和改变燃烧方式是治理烟尘排放超标的基本途径。但是井口加装轻烃回收装置,分离出套管气中的重碳烷烃,成本高不可行。最终,基于预混燃烧理论,设计了双调风预混燃烧装置,现场实施结果表明,不仅烟尘排放降低了87.8%,而且NOx排放降低了58.6%、热效率提升了8.2%。实践证明,预混燃烧是治理井口加热炉烟尘排放超标的有效方法。